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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GLUT-1</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Protein_2.A.1.1.28" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Protein">
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">GLUT-1
</th></tr>
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<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<td colspan="3" class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; font-weight:bold;"><a href="B%C3%A4ndermodell_(Proteine)" title="Bändermodell (Proteine)">Bändermodell</a> vom menschlichen <a href="Glucosetransporter" title="Glucosetransporter">Glucosetransporter</a> GLUT-1 mit <a href="Glucoside" title="Glucoside">β-Nonylglucosid</a> als <a href="Ligand_(Biochemie)" title="Ligand (Biochemie)">Ligand</a>, nach <a href="Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4PYP">4PYP</a>
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="3" class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p>Vorhandene Strukturdaten: <span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5EQI">5EQI</a></span>
</p>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;;">Eigenschaften des menschlichen Proteins
</th></tr>
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<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Masse</a>/Länge <a href="Prim%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Primärstruktur">Primärstruktur</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">492 Aminosäuren
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sekund%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Sekundärstruktur">Sekundär-</a> bis <a href="Quart%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Quartärstruktur">Quartärstruktur</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Homotetramer; multipass (12 TMS) Membranprotein
</td></tr>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Bezeichner
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<td><a href="Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Gen-Namen</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/all?query=11005">SLC2A1</a></i>, GLUT1
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<td>Externe IDs
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="">
<ul><li><a href="Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/138140">138140</a></li>
<li><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P11166">P11166</a></li></ul>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Transporter-Klassifikation
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<td><a href="Transporter_Classification_Database" title="Transporter Classification Database">TCDB</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=2.A.1.1.28">2.A.1.1.28</a>
</td></tr>
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<td><a href="Membrantransport" title="Membrantransport">Bezeichnung</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="Major-Facilitator-Superfamilie" title="Major-Facilitator-Superfamilie">Major-Facilitator-Superfamilie</a> / <a href="Glucosetransporter" title="Glucosetransporter">Glucosetransporter</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Vorkommen
</th></tr>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Homologie-Familie
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hogenom.univ-lyon1.fr/query_sequence?seq=P11166">Hovergen</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Übergeordnetes <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere">Säugetiere</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122; text-align:center;"><a href="Homologie_(Genetik)#Homologie_zwischen_verdoppelten_oder_fremden_Genen" title="Homologie (Genetik)">Orthologe</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">
</td>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Mensch
</td>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Hausmaus
</td></tr>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Entrez_Gene" title="Entrez Gene">Entrez</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6513&rn=1">6513</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=20525&rn=1">20525</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Ensembl" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000117394;db=core">ENSG00000117394</a></small></small></span>
</td>
<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000028645;db=core">ENSMUSG00000028645</a></small></small></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P11166">P11166</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P17809">P17809</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (mRNA)
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_006516">NM_006516</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_011400">NM_011400</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (Protein)
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_006507">NP_006507</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_035530">NP_035530</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Genlocus" title="Genlocus">Genlocus</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human?db=hg38&position=chr1:42925375-42958868">Chr 1: 42.93 – 42.96 Mb</a> </span>
</td>
<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=mm10&position=chr4:119108711-119137983">Chr 4: 119.11 – 119.14 Mb</a> </span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>-Suche
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6513">6513</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=20525">20525</a></span>
<p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>GLUT-1</b>, auch <b>Erythrozyten/Hirn-Hexose-Facilitator</b> (<a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gen</a>: <i>SLC2A1</i>), ist ein <a href="Transportprotein" title="Transportprotein">Transportprotein</a> in der <a href="Zellmembran" title="Zellmembran">Zellmembran</a> der <a href="Langerhans-Inseln" title="Langerhans-Inseln">β-Zellen</a> des <a href="Bauchspeicheldr%C3%BCse" title="Bauchspeicheldrüse">Pankreas</a>, Zellen der <a href="Blut-Hirn-Schranke" title="Blut-Hirn-Schranke">Blut-Hirn-Schranke</a> von <a href="S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere">Säugetieren</a> und vieler andere Gewebetypen, welches den Transport von <a href="Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a>, aber auch anderer <a href="Pentose" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentose">Pentosen</a> und <a href="Hexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexose">Hexosen</a>, sowie <a href="Vitamin_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> über die Zellmembran ermöglicht.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutationen</a> im <i>SLC2A1</i>-Gen können das <a href="GLUT1-Defizit-Syndrom" title="GLUT1-Defizit-Syndrom">GLUT1-Defizit-Syndrom</a> hervorrufen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktion">Funktion</h2></div>
<p>GLUT-1 kommt in den meisten Gewebetypen vor, es ermöglicht die Glucoseversorgung unabhängig von <a href="Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a>.
</p><p>Im <a href="Zentralnervensystem" title="Zentralnervensystem">zentralen Nervensystem</a> ist es unentbehrlich für die Glucoseaufnahme, ebenso transportiert es Glucose über die Membran von β-Zellen des humanen Pankreas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Transportgleichung lautet:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd>Solut<sub>außen</sub> ⇔ Solut<sub>innen</sub></dd></dl>
<p>Es handelt sich also um einen Uniport. Bevorzugte Solute sind <small>D</small>-Glucose, Dehydroascorbinsäure, Quercetin. Über einen parallelen Kanal kann gleichzeitig Wasser diffundieren. Für den Glucosetransport wurde ein rutschender Prozess über mehrere Bindungsstellen hinweg vorgeschlagen. Das Umschalten auf Dehydroascorbat-Transport in Erythrozyten erfolgt mittels des Membranproteins <a href="Stomatin" title="Stomatin">Stomatin</a> und dieser Prozess kommt nur in denjenigen Säugetieren vor, die nicht selbst Ascorbinsäure bilden können.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medizinische_Bedeutung">Medizinische Bedeutung</h2></div>
<p>In Tiermodellen von <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> ist die <a href="Genexpression" title="Genexpression">Expression</a> von GLUT1 in <a href="Herz" title="Herz">Herzmuskelgewebe</a> und in <a href="Blutgef%C3%A4%C3%9F" title="Blutgefäß">Gefäßen</a> der <a href="Netzhaut" title="Netzhaut">Netzhaut (Retina)</a> <i>vermindert</i>. Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 weisen in <a href="Skelettmuskel" title="Skelettmuskel">Skelettmuskelzellen</a> eine <i>verminderte</i> Expression von GLUT1 und eine verminderte Glucoseaufnahme auf. Im Gegensatz dazu findet man bei Diabetikern in der <a href="Nierenk%C3%B6rperchen#Mesangium" title="Nierenkörperchen">Mesangiumzelle des Nierenkörperchens</a> eine <i>erhöhte</i> Expression von GLUT1. Dies bewirkt in der Niere eine vermehrte Glucoseaufnahme und eine überschießende Aktivierung glucoseabhängiger Stoffwechselwege. Dies führt letztendlich zu einer erhöhten Bildung von <a href="Transforming_growth_factor" title="Transforming growth factor">TGF-β</a>. Diese Hochregulation von TGF-β fördert die überschießende Produktion <a href="Extrazellul%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Extrazelluläre Matrix">extrazellulärer Matrix</a>, welche als eine mögliche Ursache der <a href="Diabetische_Nephropathie" title="Diabetische Nephropathie">diabetischen Nierenschädigung</a> angesehen wird. Zudem fördert TGF-β wiederum die Expression von GLUT1 und unterhält so den <a href="Pathomechanismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathomechanismus">Pathomechanismus</a>.
</p><p>Ein erhöhter Druck in den <a href="Kapillare_(Anatomie)" title="Kapillare (Anatomie)">Kapillaren</a> des Nierenkörperchens oder ein Anstieg von <a href="Angiotensin_II" title="Angiotensin II">Angiotensin II</a> fördert ebenfalls die Expression von GLUT1 in der Niere. Möglicherweise ist dieser Mechanismus eine Ursache der durch <a href="Bluthochdruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluthochdruck">Bluthochdruck</a> oder <a href="Adipositas" title="Adipositas">Fettsucht</a> verursachten <a href="Nephrosklerose" title="Nephrosklerose">Nierenschädigung (Nephrosklerose)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ein angeborener Defekt des <i>SLC2A1</i>-<a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gens</a> kann zu GLUT1-Mangel führen (<a href="GLUT1-Defizit-Syndrom" title="GLUT1-Defizit-Syndrom">GLUT1-Defizit-Syndrom</a>). Es führt aufgrund einer mangelnden Versorgung des Gehirns mit Glucose als einzigem Brennstoff zu einer deutlichen Verzögerung der körperlichen und geistigen Entwicklung, einer <a href="Epilepsie" title="Epilepsie">Epilepsie</a> und einem im Wachstum zurückbleibendem Kopfumfang (erworbener Mikrozephalus), in etwa der Hälfte der betroffenen Kinder auch zu einer Gleichgewichtsstörung (<a href="Ataxie" title="Ataxie">Ataxie</a>) und einer verminderten Muskelkraft (muskuläre Hypotonie).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>GLUT-1 ist eine Andockstelle für das <a href="HTLV" class="mw-disambig" title="HTLV">HTLV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varianten von GLUT-1 sind assoziiert mit <a href="Diabetische_Nephropathie" title="Diabetische Nephropathie">diabetischer Nephropathie</a> bei <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GLUT-1 wird in mehreren Krebszelllinien überexprimiert.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div>
<p>Bei der Regulation der Glucoseaufnahme sowie der Expression von GLUT-1 ist offensichtlich <a href="GSK-3" class="mw-redirect" title="GSK-3">GSK-3</a> involviert, via Modulation durch <a href="TSC2" class="mw-redirect" title="TSC2">TSC2</a> und <a href="MTOR" title="MTOR">mTOR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Glucosetransporter" title="Glucosetransporter">Glucosetransporter</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/de/disease/detail/71277"><i>Klassisches Glukosetransporter-Typ-1-Mangel-Syndrom.</i></a> In: <i><a href="Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></i> (Datenbank für seltene Krankheiten)<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li>
<li>Reactome: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-499981">Transport of Extracellular Glucose to the Cytosol by GLUT1 and GLUT2</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080525122533/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR002439"><i>InterPro: IPR002439 Glucose transporter, type 1 (GLUT1)</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 25. Mai 2008 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Löffler, Petrides: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biochemie und Pathobiochemie</cite>. Hrsg.: Lutz Graeve. 9. Auflage. Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-17972-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>199–200</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.au=L%C3%B6ffler%2C+Petrides&rft.btitle=Biochemie+und+Pathobiochemie&rft.date=2014&rft.edition=9&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642179723&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P11166">P11166</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suls A, Dedeken P, Goffin K et al.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia and epilepsy is due to mutations in SLC2A1, encoding the glucose transporter GLUT1</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Brain</cite>. 131. Jahrgang, Pt 7, Juli 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1831–44</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/brain%2Fawn113">10.1093/brain/awn113</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577546?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18577546</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442425/">PMC 2442425</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=Paroxysmal+exercise-induced+dyskinesia+and+epilepsy+is+due+to+mutations+in+SLC2A1%2C+encoding+the+glucose+transporter+GLUT1&rft.au=Suls+A%2C+Dedeken+P%2C+Goffin+K+et+al.&rft.date=2008-07&rft.doi=10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawn113&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=Pt+7&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.pages=1831-44&rft.pmc=2442425&rft.pmid=18577546&rft.volume=131.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Löffler/Petrides "Biochemie und Pathobiochemie" 9. Auflage, S. 445</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. T. Coppieters, A. Wiberg, N. Amirian, T. W. Kay, M. G. von Herrath: <i>Persistent glucose transporter expression on pancreatic beta cells from longstanding type 1 diabetic individuals.</i> In: <i>Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.</i> Band 27, Nummer 8, November 2011, S. 746–754, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.1246">10.1002/dmrr.1246</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069254?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22069254</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Transporter_Classification_Database" title="Transporter Classification Database">TCDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdb.org/tcdb/index.php?tc=2.A.1">2.A.1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham P, Afzal-Ahmed I, Naftalin RJ: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Docking studies show that D-glucose and quercetin slide through the transporter GLUT1</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="J._Biol._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Biol. Chem.">J. Biol. Chem.</a></cite> 281. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, März 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5797–803</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M509422200">10.1074/jbc.M509422200</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407180?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16407180</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=Docking+studies+show+that+D-glucose+and+quercetin+slide+through+the+transporter+GLUT1&rft.au=Cunningham+P%2C+Afzal-Ahmed+I%2C+Naftalin+RJ&rft.date=2006-03&rft.doi=10.1074%2Fjbc.M509422200&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.pages=5797-803&rft.pmid=16407180&rft.volume=281.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Montel-Hagen A, Kinet S, Manel N et al.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Erythrocyte Glut1 triggers dehydroascorbic acid uptake in mammals unable to synthesize vitamin C</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Cell_(Zeitschrift)" title="Cell (Zeitschrift)">Cell</a></cite>. 132. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, März 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1039–48</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.042">10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.042</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18358815?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18358815</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=Erythrocyte+Glut1+triggers+dehydroascorbic+acid+uptake+in+mammals+unable+to+synthesize+vitamin+C&rft.au=Montel-Hagen+A%2C+Kinet+S%2C+Manel+N+et+al.&rft.date=2008-03&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.01.042&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=1039-48&rft.pmid=18358815&rft.volume=132.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Gnudi et al.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mechanical Forces in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Trigger for Impaired Glucose Metabolism</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="J_Am_Soc_Nephrol" class="mw-redirect" title="J Am Soc Nephrol">J Am Soc Nephrol</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2226–2232</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/8/2226">Abstract</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Forces+in+Diabetic+Kidney+Disease%3A+A+Trigger+for+Impaired+Glucose+Metabolism&rft.au=Luigi+Gnudi+et+al.&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Soc+Nephrol&rft.pages=2226-2232" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepler et al.: <i>Angeborene Störungen des Glucosetransports.</i> In: <i>Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde</i> 2000 148:2–11</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Battini JL: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT-1 is a receptor for HTLV</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Cell</cite>. 115. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, November 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>449–59</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14622599?dopt=Abstract">PMID 14622599</a> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009286740300881X">elsevier.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=The+ubiquitous+glucose+transporter+GLUT-1+is+a+receptor+for+HTLV&rft.au=Manel+N%2C+Kim+FJ%2C+Kinet+S%2C+...&rft.date=2003-11&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=449-59&rft.pmid=14622599&rft.volume=115.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Afonso PV, Ozden S, Cumont MC et al.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Alteration of blood-brain barrier integrity by retroviral infection</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="PLoS_Pathog" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS Pathog">PLoS Pathog</a>.</cite> 4. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, November 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>e1000205</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000205">10.1371/journal.ppat.1000205</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008946?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19008946</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575404/">PMC 2575404</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=Alteration+of+blood-brain+barrier+integrity+by+retroviral+infection&rft.au=Afonso+PV%2C+Ozden+S%2C+Cumont+MC+et+al.&rft.date=2008-11&rft.doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000205&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog.&rft.pages=e1000205&rft.pmc=2575404&rft.pmid=19008946&rft.volume=4.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Makni K, Jarraya F, Rebaï M et al.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Risk genotypes and haplotypes of the GLUT1 gene for type 2 diabetic nephropathy in the Tunisian population</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Ann. Hum. Biol.</cite> 35. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>490–8</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460802247142">10.1080/03014460802247142</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18821326?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18821326</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=Risk+genotypes+and+haplotypes+of+the+GLUT1+gene+for+type+2+diabetic+nephropathy+in+the+Tunisian+population&rft.au=Makni+K%2C+Jarraya+F%2C+Reba%C3%AF+M+et+al.&rft.date=2008&rft.doi=10.1080%2F03014460802247142&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Hum.+Biol.&rft.pages=490-8&rft.pmid=18821326&rft.volume=35.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahrens WA, Ridenour RV, Caron BL, Miller DV, Folpe AL: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">GLUT-1 expression in mesenchymal tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 247 soft tissue and bone neoplasms</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Hum. Pathol.</cite> 39. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, Oktober 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1519–26</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2008.03.002">10.1016/j.humpath.2008.03.002</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18620729?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18620729</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=GLUT-1+expression+in+mesenchymal+tumors%3A+an+immunohistochemical+study+of+247+soft+tissue+and+bone+neoplasms&rft.au=Ahrens+WA%2C+Ridenour+RV%2C+Caron+BL%2C+...&rft.date=2008-10&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.humpath.2008.03.002&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Pathol.&rft.pages=1519-26&rft.pmid=18620729&rft.volume=39.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li J, Yang SJ, Zhao XL et al.: <cite class="lang" lang="zh" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">[Significant increase of glucose transport activity in breast cancer]</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="zh" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi</cite>. 37. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Februar 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>103–8</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18681321?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18681321</a> (chinesisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=%5BSignificant+increase+of+glucose+transport+activity+in+breast+cancer%5D&rft.au=Li+J%2C+Yang+SJ%2C+Zhao+XL+et+al.&rft.date=2008-02&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Zhonghua+Bing+Li+Xue+Za+Zhi&rft.pages=103-8&rft.pmid=18681321&rft.volume=37.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buller CL, Loberg RD, Fan MH et al.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">A GSK-3/TSC2/mTOR pathway regulates glucose uptake and GLUT1 glucose transporter expression</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol.</cite> 295. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, September 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>C836–43</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00554.2007">10.1152/ajpcell.00554.2007</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650261?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18650261</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:GLUT-1&rft.atitle=A+GSK-3%2FTSC2%2FmTOR+pathway+regulates+glucose+uptake+and+GLUT1+glucose+transporter+expression&rft.au=Buller+CL%2C+Loberg+RD%2C+Fan+MH+et+al.&rft.date=2008-09&rft.doi=10.1152%2Fajpcell.00554.2007&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Physiol.%2C+Cell+Physiol.&rft.pages=C836-43&rft.pmid=18650261&rft.volume=295.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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